1. Piping Installation Procedure
2. Ammonia Piping Code

1. Ammonia is an efficient and popular refrigerant due to its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Ammonia is environmentally benign, having zero GWP and zero ODP. It is hazardous when released in large quantities due to its toxicity. However, ammonia does exhibit a unique refrigerant characteristic due to its irritating odor.
2. Piping Cost Estimation Piping always represents a sizable part of the total installed cost of any process plant. It may run to 20 percent or even more of the entire cost of the plant, including land and buildings, and may total from around 10 percent to as high as two-thirds of the cost of the equipment.

Capital and Running Costs The result of the case study demonstrates.Total capital cost of the cascade system is about 16% higher than capital cost of the direct ammonia system.The cascade system is less efficient than any of the direct ammonia system options at peak load.The efficiency of the cascade system approaches close to.

Installed cost ratios of some commonly used piping materials in relation to carbon steel pipes

Installation cost ratios of common piping materials as

• Alloy 20
• Carbon steel (reference = 1)
• CPVC
• FEP lined steel
• Stainless steel 316L
• FRP - Vinyl ester
• FRP - Epoxy
• FRP - Polyester
• Glass lined steel
• Hastelloy
• Monel
• Nickel
• Polypropylene lined steel
• PTFE lined FRP
• PTFE lined steel
• PTFE lined 304L Stainless steel
• PVC
• PVDF
• Rubber lined carbon steel
• Saran lined steel
• Stainless steel 304L
• Titanium
• Zirconium

related to pipes in carbon steel are indicated in the chart below:

• PTFE - PolyTetraFluoroEthylene
• FRP - fibreglass
• PVDF - PolyVinyliDene Fluoride
• FEP - Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene

Piping Installation Procedure

Installed cost ratios are based on a 100 m (400 ft) DN 50 (2') pipe installation.

Related Topics

• Design Strategies - Piping systems and design strategies - documentation, P&ID, flow diagrams - capacities and limits

Related Documents

• ASTM B88 - Seamless Copper Water Tubes - Dimensions - Water and Gas Copper Tubes according ASTM B88 - type K, L and M - imperial units
• ASTM D1785 and ASTM F441 - PVC and CPVC Pipes Schedule 40 & 80 - Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
• ASTM D2241 - Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series) - Dimensions - Dimensions of PVC pipe SDR series
• ASTM D2665 - Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings - Dimensions - PVC drain, waste, and vent pipe dimensions
• EN 10312 - Welded stainless steel tubes for the conveyance of aqueous liquids including water for human consumption - Dimensions - Dimensions of welded stainless steel tubes according EN 10312
• ISO 4427 - PE Pipes for Water Supply - Dimensions - Polyethylene pipe dimensions according European Standards
• Stainless Steel - Comparing International Standards - Comparing international stainless steel standards from America (US), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Sweden, England (UK) and the European Union
• Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards - Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe standards
• Steel Pipe Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 40 - Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for ANSI schedule 40 steel pipes

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A survey of one of the most important pressure pipe codes - ASME B31, earlier known as ANSI B31

B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.

B31.1 - 2012 - Power Piping

Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.

The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.

B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping

This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).

B31.3 - 2012 - Process Piping

Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.

This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.

B31.4 - 2012 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.

Ammonia Piping Code

Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. Drivers for audio 8 dj specs. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations

Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are:

• (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop;
• (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
• (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;
• (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.

B31.5 - 2013 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components

This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.

Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.

This Code shall not apply to:

• (a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
• (b) water piping;
• (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size; or
• (d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,

but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.

B31.8 - 2012 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities.

B31.8S - 2012 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines

This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.

Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.

The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.

The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.

B31.9 - 2011 - Building Services Piping

This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.

This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits.

B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems.

Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.

B31.12 - 2011 - Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines

Gaseous and liquid hydrogen service and to pipelines in gaseous hydrogen service.

B31G - 2009 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines

A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping

Related Topics

• Pressure Ratings - Pressure ratings of pipes and tubes and their fittings - carbon steel , stainless steel, plastic, copper and more
• Codes and Standards - Piping codes and standards - ASME, ANSI, ASTM, AGA, API, AWWA, BS, ISO, DIN and more.

Related Documents

• ANSI - American National Standards Institute - ANSI provides a forum for development of American national standards
• ANSI B16.5 - Steel Pipe Flanges - Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings - Group 1.2 - Non-shock pressure (psig) and temperature ratings for steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings
• ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME is one of the leading organizations in the world developing codes and standards
• ASME - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - The International Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code establishes rules of safety governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels, and nuclear power plant components during construction
• ASME - Performance Test Codes - The ASME Performance Test Codes provide standard directions and rules for conducting and reporting tests
• ASME - Valve Standards - An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME - valve standards
• ASME B31.9 - Working Pressure and Temperature Limits - The working pressure and temperature limits of ASME Code B31.9 - Building Services Piping
• ASME/ANSI B16 Standards for Pipes and Fittings - The ASME B16 standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel
• ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 - Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes - Dimensions - Metric Units - Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, weight and weight of pipe filled with water - Metric Units
• Carbon Steel Flanges - Pressure and Temperature Ratings - Group 1.1 - Maximum temperature and pressure ratings of flanges conforming dimensions ASME B16.5 and materials specification ASTM A-105
• Pipe Class Ratings and Pressure Numbers (PN) - Pressure numbers (PN) compared to flange class designations
• Piping Codes & Standards - Piping codes and piping standards
• Pressure and Temperature Ratings ASTM A-53, A-106 and API 5L Grade B Carbon Steel Pipes - Metric Units - Pressure (kPa) and temperature (^oC) ratings of ASTM A-106, API 5L and ASTM A-53 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipes - temperatures ranging -29 ^oC - 450 ^oC
• Pressure and Temperature Ratings of A-53 B, A-106 B, A333, A334 and API 5L Carbon Steel Pipes - Imperial Units - Pressure (psig) and temperature (deg F) ratings for A-53 B and A-106 B, A333, A334 and API 5L carbon steel pipes - temperatures ranging 100 ^oF - 700 ^oF
• Steel Tubes - Working Pressures - Normal maximum working pressures for steel tubes - in psi (lb/in²) and kPa (kN/m²)
• Threads commonly used in Piping - Piping thread standards
• Waterhammer - Rapidly closing or opening valves - or starting stopping pumps - may cause pressure transients in pipelines known as waterhammers

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